最新刊期
卷 6 ， 期 9 ， 2001
- 摘要：GIS is an important aspect of NSDI. It will directly and deeply affect the national economy construction and national safety. Comparing the progress of IT, the progress history and technical characteristics of GIS software are concluded in this paper. Also, the weakness of existing GIS software is pointed out and the technical reasons are analyzed. Furthermore, this paper presents the research objective and technology architecture of 4 th generation GIS software. The layer-oriented processing should be changed to spatial objects and their relationship-oriented. The synchronization multi user spatial data processing mechanism should be established. The 3-dimension spatial data model should be studied. Spatial data mining ability should be increased. Also, the 4 th generation GIS should manage and process mass spatial data up to TB level and should support VR presentation. The steps of developing 4 th generation GIS software in China are suggested in this paper.7116|533|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：In this paper,some modern computer software techniques are introduced. However, those techniques can not be put into practice of GIS software design. Especially, spatial data distributed computation, combining query and operation of both spatial and attribute data are focused on. In this paper. The weaknesses of GIS implementation technique, like the spatial data modeling and storing, the completed framework of spatial relationship and declaration, the relationship presentation between the spatial data and the attributes are pointed out. Also, the technical directions to solve those problems are presented. The layer-based spatial data storing and operation model has to be changed. The synchronization mechanism of spatial data operation has to be established. The UNIX semantics of spatial data modification has to be implemented. The GSQL has to be researched so that the ability of spatial data administration can be increased. etc.4200|499|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：s With the analysis of hierarchies of temporal-spatial data models, it is argued that current temporal-spatial data models lack explicit definition for the geographical phenomena and description for the elementary relations and are unsuitable for data sharing on semantic levels. Traditional theme map layer based spatial data abstraction frameworks and the representation methods taking the elementary units of vector or raster data structures as the elementary units for modeling are deficient in describing complex geographical entities and phenomena and analyzing the geographical procedures. It is set forward that developing feature based temporal-spatial data models is the core for the new generation geographical information systems. The conceptual modeling elements and mutual relations between them are discussed and some key technical problems are identified in the development of feature based temporal- spatial data models.4678|426|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：Being combined with synthetic sciences and techniques such as earth science, computation science and information technology, the aim of processing and analyzing model for temporal and spatial information has been focused on obtaining the hidden features of spatial differentiation and temporal changes of phenomenon of earth surface from temporal and spatial database. In this paper, while the developing history of temporal and spatial information processing and analyzing model is reviewed such a conclusion is arrived that the direction of Geo-Analysis for temporal and spatial information is aiming to intelligentization, then the hierarchical structural system of intelligent processing and analyzing models for temporal and spatial data is initially built based on multiple theoretical and technical issues, including Geo-Analysis, Mathematical and Statistical Analysis, Neural Computation, Knowledge processing, and so on. Developed with feature-oriented GIS-4, some crucial points on intelligent processing and analyzing system for temporal and spatial data are presented, including the representing and inferring mechanisms of geo-knowledge, integrated models for multiple-scale temporal and spatial data, the modelling representation for the statistical characteristics of the spatial data, and the function sets combined with a serials of the rapid and efficient algorithms such as spatial information processing, feature detecting, temporal and spatial analyzing, data mining, and knowledge discovery.4254|419|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：This paper reviews 3D GIS' s characters and related software development, discusses its some basic problems such as data acquisition, 3D data storage and handling, 3D spatial analysis, etc. and points out that on one hand currently 3D GIS' s development is restricted by inefficient 3D data model and data structure, difficulties of 3D data acquisition, large amount 3D data procession and storage, and 3D spatial analysis, on the other hand, 3D GIS can be facilitated by mature Visualization of Scientific Computation, Database, Digital Image Procession technique and 2D GIS' s theories and experience. At last, four important points about 3D GIS software\ndevelopment are presented in this paper:①At present 2D data model and structure is still one basis of GIS software, and 3D data structure is only one secondary part;②Boundary Representation must be used as one primary method in 3D modeling, Raster structure and integrated or hybrid Vectorraster structure can only be auxiliary method;③Some special data structure and spatial algorithm need to be researched to support efficient 3D spatial analysis;④3D city modeling is becoming one more and more important aspect of 3D GIS research and development.4906|432|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：Various spatial analysis problems exist in many scientific fields such as geology, geophysics, oceanography, agriculture, ecology, environmental science, geography, sociology, politics, anthropology among others. So far, commercial GIS software provided only very simple analytic functions of overlay and classic statistics, which are far from being sufficient. However, many spatial analysis software packages were developed independently. Compared to the 500-years development history of modern mathematics, the mathematical theoretic foundations of spatial analysis have been developed for just 20～30 years. It is still in very preliminary stage and far from being mature.In this paper, after a brief review of the spatial analysis functions in existing GIS software and the need of spatial analysis functions of geoscience, a comparative study was conducted between two typical spatial analysis packages. Based on these, the further development of spatial analysis functions is explored in both contents and strategies. We conclude that for a short-term objective, the existing spatial analysis packages can be integrated with the GIS in different level based on the practical need. However, for a long-term consideration, a mathematical framework of spatial analysis needs to be developed.4432|423|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：In this paper, the authors analyze the increasing trend of spatial data and propose that the large data sets, nonlinear relationship among attributes, scaling characters of spatial data, fuzzy character of spatial information, multidimensional attributes and missing data problems are major characters of the complexity characters of spatial data. The proceedings of spatial data mining researches are systematically summarized in the clue of the complexity characters which mentioned above. In conclusion, the relationship between spatial data mining and GIS is expatiated, and the future of the relative research areas are prospected.4118|465|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：With the developing of GIS and network technology, handling of geospatial data has been integrated into all sorts of special domains. The massive distributed GIS has great meaning to share and interoperation of geospatial data and integration of domain application. This paper analyses the structure of massive distributed GIS, and introduces impacts from development of hardware environment, system software and distributed computation platfrom. For the spatial data share and interoperation issues, several key technologies such as spatial data model, massive spatial database and spatial operation service are introduced. OpenGIS specification from OpenGIS Consortium is strongly recommended to the coming massive distributed GIS. At the end of the paper, application integration technology is emphasized.4815|478|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：The application of geographical data is extending to various fields rapidly. However, geographical data acquirement is very cost, so the sharing of geographical data is needed in order to save users expense. There are many excellent works about raster data sharing in multimedia field, but vector data, especially very large volume geographical vector data sharing is rare. This paper discusses several problems about geographical data sharing in distributed environment. The first is data management in server, which need manage various data and utilize spatial data structure to support efficient data retrieval. The second is the data transportation between server and client, very large data volume and realtime response to user operation require that meet users maximum need by the minimum data transformation. The third is geospatial data visualization that provides information but only data. The last is the data safe problem, which including data control, digital signature and data watermarking technology.4343|489|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：Techniques needed in the management of distributed spatial databases are discussed, abilities of distributed management in the commercial software Oracle and ESRI products are described, and a practical methodology to build distributed spatial applications is suggested. In a distributed spatial database, there is usually a main server and many data servers, and all of them are linked by networks such as internet. In order to guarantee the normal data flow and analysis among clients, main server and data servers, issues of net communication, metadata management, data consistency, data serving, spatial data search engine, seamless data integration, quick updating, data transfer, data queuing and security protection should be solved. Oracle and ESRI series products can act as frames in distributed spatial database management applications, and the performance will be much better if some key components can be developed from bottom.4249|480|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：Distributed virtual environments are the integration of virtual environments and network. Distributed virtual geo-environments(Geo-DVE) are virtual environments for studying geo-phenomena and geo-process. This paper discusses the concept and characteristics of Geo-DVE, and the relationship between GIS and Geo-DVE. The system design of Geo-DVE is addressed in terms of system architecture, data model, system interface, and programming tools. The paper eventually presents the hot research topics and frontiers regarding Geo-DVE from three aspects of theory, techniques, and applications. In terms of system architecture, data model, system interface, and programming tools. The paper eventually presents the hot research topics and frontiers regarding Geo-DVE from three aspects of theory, techniques, and applications. In terms of aspect of theory, the research challenge and frontiers include the relationship between virtual environments and physical geographic environments, geo-spatial and temporal cognition in virtual environments, 3-D data model of virtual environments. In terms of aspect of techniques, rapid dynamic 3-D modeling, real-time communication and interaction, shared space and operation for multi-users, geo-process models based virtual environments, distributed collaborative work and group decision making support, and wearable mixed reality are included. In terms of aspect of applications, the building and development of further practical functions of 3-D digital cities and 3-D digital communities, visual data mining and knowledge discovery, virtual tourism, virtual battlefield, and virtual decision support environments for regional sustainable development should be highlighted.4064|456|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：This paper introduces the main technologies for constructing a WebGIS, which is considered as an integration of Internet/Weg technologies and geographic information system. Compared with traditional GIS, many merits are showed in WebGIS. Recently many software producers have released WebGIS platform software all over the world. At the same time, many applications are built. The main technologies for WebGIS include CGI(Common Gateway Interface) method, Server Application Interface method, plug-in method, Java applets and ActiveX method. The Design models for WebGIS include 3-tie and multi-tie browser/server model. The most important feature for WebGIS is the interoperability. OpenGIS has been developing the interoperable model of WebGIS. A brief outlook for the main trends of WebGIS technologies and their applications are given. GML, Open Geographic Information System, distributed GIS, network based virtual geographic environment, mobile GIS would be the focus of GIS research and development in the future.4956|516|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：On the basis of AM/FM/GIS study and some AM/FM/GIS projects practice, the authors expound the characteristics of AM/FM/GIS, points out a series of problems which bring out in AM/FM/GIS system establishment, make a detailed discussion on AM/FM/GIS as the following several points: standard of AM/FM/GIS, AM/FM/GIS platform, integration of GIS application models and AM/FM/GIS, knowledge and rules based AM/FM/GIS, multi-tiered architecture in AM/FM/GIS, distributed calculation model in AM/FM/GIS, and also give the interrelated settle schemes to above issues. On the standardization of AM/FM/GIS, the authors suggest the government and correlative departments should set down AM/FM/GIS industry technique standards and application criterion on AM/FM coding, platform architecture, system function, and system capability; On the platform of AM/FM/GIS, the author suggest that AM/FM/GIS basis platform and application platform should be strengthened at the same time; On the integration of AM/FM/GIS and models, the authors emphasize that modelbase method should be used to integrate AM/FM/GIS and application models; Due to a lot of rules and knowledge in AM/FM/GIS system, the authors point out that AM/FM/GIS system on the basis of the rule base and knowledge base has much more better expansibility and flexibility; Herein the advantage of multi-tiered architecture, the authors think that multi-tiered architecture should be adopted in AM/FM/GIS system in the future; Whereas the characteristics of distributed calculation model, the authors consider that the model can be used to solve application resource dispersibility and application cooperativity.4114|459|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：Applied embedded techniques grow rapidly in recent years and the relative products can be found anywhere. Embedded computers have been applied in many fields of manufacturing, such as process control, communication, automobile, watercraft, aviation, spaceflight, military equipment and consuming products, etc. It provides us a good chance for the development of micro-embedded GIS software. In this paper, we have made a detailed discussion on the background of techniques and characteristics, perspective of applied development, and state of the art of micro-embedded GIS software. The significance of developing our embedded GIS software and techniques with independent copyrights is also discussed and some suggestions for the development of embedded GIS software are presented.关键词：Wide band internet;Distributed computing;Radio communication and mobile netting;Mobile computing;RTOS;Micro-embedded operation system;Micro-embedded GIS4038|399|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：The existing digital models can be classified into spatial interpolation models and digital terrain models. Spatial interpolation can be defined as the procedure of estimating the value of properties at unsampled sites within the area covered by existing point observation. The methods for spatial interpolation include interpolation by drawing boundaries, trend surface analysis, spline functions, moving averages and Kriging interpolation. A digital terrain model is an ordered array of numbers that represent the spatial distribution of terrain attributes. Three exiting principal ways of structuring a digital terrain model are triangulated irregular networks, regular grid networks and contour|based networks. Issues on errors of digital terrain models and spatial interpolation models have been important research topics since the late 1960s and many methods for analyzing and measuring errors have been developed. However, the error problem is not attacked at the root. Although relative studies have found that slope, aspect and curvature are the most important variables for a surface, these variables are not used in formulation of the relative models. In fact, the first and the second fundamental forms are determinants of a surface, while the slope, aspect and curvature only are determinants of the thalweg of a surface according to differential geometry. The digital model of the 4th generation GIS is based on the fundamental theorem of surfaces and approach of remote sensing inversion, which can integrate theory of differential geometry with expertise, remote sensing information over an area and monitoring information at points.4168|418|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：It is quite important for the GIS's applied models to support their special decision system. So the development of the management system of the applied models, their base and the research of the realizable technology has become the key to GIS's further application. In the paper, series of technical problems in relevance to GIS's applied models have been analyzed in retrospect of GIS's technical development and its function. At the same time, relevant programs and approaches have been put forward in order to solve such problems as model's effective management, sharing and security, the integration of the GIS and applied models, the communication mechanism of model base and database, model visualization its mutual operation and so on. At the conclusion of the paper, in combination with the "Ninth-five" plan, "the demonstration system for the spacial information share and service of the environment protection will be built", the model realization of the approcah and technology has been described, with an example of the planar pollution and diffusion models in Yangtze River.关键词：GIS;Applied model;Model management;Model's realizable technology2609|426|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：Uncertainty of spatial data in GIS can be in the aspect of position, attribute, temporary, logical relationship and completeness. Among them, attribute uncertainty can directly affect the quality of GIS-based decision making. In this paper, the concept and propagation of the attribute uncertainty are firstly described. Then the relationship between the attribute and position uncertainties is analyzed. Moreover, the theories and methods to study and visualize the attribute uncertainty are discussed. Attribute uncertainty of spatial describes the difference between the observed values of an entity attribute with their true values in spatial and temporal space. There are a number of theories and developed methods to deal with attribute uncertainties. These may include, for example, (1) object-and filed-based model; (2) probability theory, evidence theory, spatial statistics, "S" band model and probability vector which deal with random attribute uncertainties, while fuzzy set, rough set, genetic algorithms which deal with imprecise attribute uncertainties. Cloud theory can be used to deal with both randomness and fuzziness of attribute uncertainty. The relationship betweenxandμ(x), fuzzy set is one to one, rough set is one to a region, and cloud theory is on one to a piece of cloud; (4) Visualization of attribute uncertainty which is based on Bertin geographical parameters and their extensions. Three-dimensional visualization and virtual reality are also helpful. Finally, the future research issues on attribute uncertainty are given.2863|346|0更新时间：2024-05-07
- 摘要：With the reality of computer is the network, through the platform, accessing the information, particular geoinformation independent of data structure, semantic and so on is the dream for the users. Inter-operating GIS is the hot topic due to the useful way to realize it. In this paper, we focus on the overview of inter-operating GIS. Technology interoperation is to access and share geodata, service interoperation is to access useful geoprocess and operation, and semantic interoperation works on how to get the true geodata and geoprocess what the user want. Technology, methodology, state and drawback have been present in these four aspects. Finally, the future of inter-operating GIS is expected.2239|404|0更新时间：2024-05-07
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