利用视觉和深度学习的低空无人机检测和跟踪方法综述
A Review of Low-Altitude UAV Detection and Tracking Methods Using Vision and Deep Learning
- 2026年 页码:1-32
收稿:2026-03-25,
修回:2026-09-16,
录用:2026-10-08,
网络首发:2026-10-08
DOI: 10.11834/jig.260151
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收稿:2026-03-25,
修回:2026-09-16,
录用:2026-10-08,
网络首发:2026-10-08,
移动端阅览
低空无人机的“黑飞”“乱飞”对公共安全构成严峻挑战,基于视觉与深度学习的检测跟踪技术因此成为研究焦点。本文系统综述了近5年该领域进展。首先概述无人机类型及其视觉探测特点,接着归纳检测跟踪任务面临的核心挑战。在检测方法部分,重点从改进小目标检测、轻量化网络设计、抗恶劣天气及多模态融合四个方向,梳理了深度学习技术的提升路径;在跟踪方法部分,则从鲁棒性增强、轻量化与实时性、长期跟踪与重识别、多目标跟踪四个维度总结了关键进展。此外,整理了常用数据集与评价指标,并评估了代表性方法性能。最后对未来研究方向进行了展望。
With the rapid and unprecedented expansion of the global low-altitude economy, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have transitioned from niche technological tools into mainstream assets deeply embedded within the critical infrastructure of modern society. Their applications now span a remarkably diverse spectrum, including, but not limited to, precision logistics and last-mile delivery, emergency medical services and disaster response, automated inspection of energy grids, bridges, and wind turbines, agricultural monitoring and targeted spraying, as well as media production and aerial surveillance. This widespread integration delivers immense economic and social value by enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and enabling access to previously unreachable areas. However, the very accessibility, affordability, and operational ease that fuel this adoption paradoxically introduce severe and escalating security vulnerabilities. Incidents involving unauthorized flights, negligent operations, and even the malicious use of drones for espionage, smuggling, or disruptive attacks pose tangible and growing threats to national security, public safety, the integrity of critical infrastructure such as airports and power plants, and individual privacy. Consequently, the development of robust, reliable, and efficient technologies for the detection, tracking, and identification of low-altitude UAVs has emerged as a pressing global research and operational imperative across defense, security, and regulatory domains. From a computer vision perspective, low-altitude UAVs present a uniquely challenging set of characteristics, aptly summarized as "Low, Slow, and Small" (LSS) targets. The "small" signature is particularly problematic: at typical operational ranges for ground-based surveillance, a drone may occupy only a minuscule number of pixels in a captured image or video frame. This results in an extremely weak signal, with limited texture and shape information, making it easily lost amidst background noise or suppressed during the down-sampling stages of deep convolutional neural networks. The "low" and "slow" attributes further compound the difficulty. These UAVs operate within complex, cluttered, and dynamic environments—such as urban canyons, near buildings, over forests, or against varied terrain—where they are susceptible to frequent partial or complete occlusion. Furthermore, they must be reliably distinguished from a wide range of visual confusers, most notably birds, but also kites, balloons, and moving vegetation. This leads to the dual challenges of minimal inter-class differences and significant intra-class variation among UAVs themselves, which appear in diverse forms such as multi-rotors, fixed-wing aircraft, and hybrid hybrid vertical take-off and landing systems. The operational environment imposes additional stringent constraints: vision systems must maintain performance under drastic illumination changes and adverse weather conditions, while also meeting the demanding requirement for real-time, low-latency processing, often on computationally constrained and power-limited edge devices such as drones, surveillance towers, or mobile units. This comprehensive survey paper systematically reviews, analyzes, and synthesizes the state of the art in vision-based and deep learning-powered methodologies for the automated detection and tracking of low-altitude UAVs. The review begins by contextualizing the problem space, defining the operational envelope of "low altitude" as a challenging regime for sensors, and categorizing the primary types of UAVs along with their distinct visual and kinematic signatures. It then crystallizes the core technical challenges that any effective solution must address: (1) the fundamental problem of small target detection; (2) the discrimination problem arising from low inter-class variance and high intra-class variance; (3) robustness against complex, dynamic background interference and environmental degradation; and (4) the imperative for computational efficiency and real-time performance on edge platforms. The core of the survey is logically divided into two interconnected pillars: detection and tracking. For the detection task, we first provide a concise overview of traditional image processing paradigms, including background subtraction techniques, frame differencing, optical flow for motion-based detection, and hand-crafted feature descriptors such as histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) for appearance-based classification. Recognizing their limitations in generalization and robustness, the focus then shifts to modern deep learning-based detectors. This analysis is organized around four pivotal and active research thrusts. First, architectural innovations for small target detection explore specialized network designs, including enhanced feature pyramid networks for multi-scale context aggregation, the integration of attention mechanisms to amplify critical features, and the design of novel loss functions tailored for small object localization. Second, lightweight and efficient model design investigates techniques for deployment on edge devices, such as neural architecture search for optimal efficiency–accuracy trade-offs, model pruning, quantization, knowledge distillation, and the use of efficient operators like depthwise separable convolutions. Third, enhancing robustness under adverse conditions examines methods beyond standard red-green-blue (RGB) imagery, including multi-spectral fusion, the use of polarization cues, and emerging sensor modalities such as event cameras that offer high dynamic range and improved motion clarity. Fourth, multi-modal sensor fusion strategies are discussed, which synergistically combine complementary data from visual cameras, radar, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and acoustic sensors to create a more resilient perception system. For the tracking task, following initial detection, the survey details the evolution from traditional correlation filter-based and kernelized methods to contemporary deep learning-driven trackers, which typically follow a Siamese network or transformer-based paradigm. Advancements are examined from four complementary perspectives: (1) improving robustness and accuracy, focusing on advanced motion modeling, robust feature representation learning against appearance changes, and effective scale estimation strategies; (2) enabling real-time performance on edge devices through model compression, efficient backbone architectures, and adaptive inference strategies; (3) mechanisms for long-term tracking and recovery, which are crucial for practical deployment, involving dedicated re-identification modules, global search strategies, and memory-augmented networks to handle occlusion and target disappearance; and (4) scaling to multi-UAV scenarios and swarms, which introduces challenges in data association, identity maintenance, and group behavior understanding. To ground the discussion and facilitate benchmarking, the survey provides a curated compilation of publicly available datasets specifically designed for UAV detection and tracking, categorized into visible-spectrum and infrared (IR) datasets, detailing their scale, attributes, and inherent challenges. It also explains the standard evaluation metrics prevalent in the field, such as average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP), Success Rate, and Precision for tracking. A comparative analysis of representative state-of-the-art methods on key benchmarks is presented to provide a clear performance snapshot. Finally, the paper concludes by delineating several promising and critical future research directions. These frontiers include the development of more intelligent and adaptive multi-modal fusion frameworks that move beyond simple early or late fusion; the pursuit of generalizable and invariant feature learning through self-supervised learning, meta-learning, or domain adaptation techniques to handle novel drones and unseen environments; the design of environment-aware and actively adaptive algorithms capable of anticipating and compensating for perceptual degradation; the exploration of next-generation neuromorphic and efficient computing paradigms, such as spiking neural networks, for ultra-low-power deployment; and the deeper integration of novel sensing modalities, including event-based vision, to overcome the limitations of traditional frame-based imaging. This survey aims to serve as both a detailed technical reference and a strategic roadmap for researchers and engineers working to advance the field of intelligent, vision-based counter-UAV systems.
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