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Received：31 October 2024，
Revised：17 February 2025，
Accepted：2025-02-25，
Published Online：26 February 2025，
移动端阅览
持续学习（continual learning， CL）是机器学习领域的一个关键问题，旨在使模型在不断学习新任务的同时，避免灾难性遗忘，保持对先前任务的记忆。持续学习已在多个实际应用中扮演重要角色，如自动驾驶、机器人控制和医疗诊断系统等。本文旨在为学界提供持续学习领域的最新研究进展综述，并对未来可能的研究方向进行展望。为实现持续学习中新旧知识学习的“可塑性-稳定性”平衡，国内外研究者们提出了多种方法，根据方法的发展路径可以分为传统持续训练方法和基于预训练模型的方法。首先，本文介绍了传统持续训练的关键技术和方法，包括记忆重放法、正则化法和动态结构法。记忆重放法通过将先前任务的样本存储并重放，以帮助模型回忆过去的知识。正则化法则通过对模型参数的更新进行约束，防止新任务对旧任务的干扰。动态结构法通过调整模型结构或引入新的模型模块以应对新任务的挑战，避免灾难性遗忘的发生。接着，本文进一步探讨了基于预训练模型的持续学习方法的进展。随着大规模预训练模型的广泛应用，这类预训练模型展示了强大的泛化能力和知识迁移能力。基于预训练模型的持续学习方法可以分为基于微调和基于提示的方法。微调方法可以通过冻结部分预训练模型参数，仅对特定层进行更新，或者采用学习率调节等技术，避免对预训练模型的过度修改。基于提示的方法通过设计和输入提示来引导模型处理新任务，而无需大规模调整模型参数。本文提供的实验结果建议，当前持续学习任务应优先考虑采用基于预训练模型的方法。最后，本文对当前持续学习领域的挑战与未来发展方向进行了展望，重点讨论了各种实际约束条件下，如何结合预训练模型和经典持续学习方法，构建新的架构设计和优化策略，以应对日益复杂的现实任务需求。
Continual Learning （CL）， also known as lifelong learning， is one of the most significant challenges in the field of machine learning. It refers to the capability of a system to learn new tasks while retaining knowledge from previously learned. CL has broad relevance in many real-world applications that require continual adaptation and learning such as autonomous driving， robotics and medical diagnosis. CL succumbs to the catastrophic forgetting issue， which occurs when a model overwrites or significantly diminishes previously learned information while training on new tasks， which is a prominent issue in traditional machine learning paradigms where models are trained on static datasets. The goal of CL is to develop models that exhibit both plasticity—allowing them to adapt to new information—and stability， ensuring that previous knowledge is not lost. Various strategies have been proposed in the literature to address this challenge， which this paper comprehensively reviews. Broadly， CL techniques can be classified into those based on continual training and those based on prompts. Methods based on continual training can be further divided into three main categories： replay-based methods， regularization-based methods， and dynamic architecture methods. Replay-based methods are among the most popular and well-established techniques in CL. These methods aim to mitigate catastrophic forgetting by storing and replaying data from previously learned tasks. By revisiting samples from prior tasks during training on new tasks， the model is effectively reminded of past knowledge， which helps maintain accuracy on earlier tasks. Replay-based methods can be further divided into two types， including replay memory construction and replay memory utilization. Replay memory construction focuses on how to save the replay memory， and methods can be categorized into three types depending on how knowledge is stored： storing raw data， building generative models， and storing data features to construct memory. Memory replay methods that store raw data directly save the original data from old tasks along with the corresponding labels. The raw data can come in various formats， such as images， videos， audio， or text. During training on a new task， the stored memory data from old tasks is trained together with the new task data， thereby helping to prevent forgetting. The advantage of storing raw data for memory replay is that it requires no additional operations for storage and utilization， and it maintains consistency with the original model's training process. The method of building generative models has been influenced by the recent development of generative models， where representative samples of past knowledge are generated for replay. These methods can be classified based on the type of generative model used. In continual learning， the strength of generative models lies in their ability to generate high-quality synthetic data， which helps the model overcome catastrophic forgetting issues common in traditional methods， thereby significantly enhancing the model's long-term memory capacity. The method of storing data features is chosen when data features provide a good representation of the original data. In situations where privacy protection and storage constraints are a concern， storing data features rather than raw data or additional models becomes a practical solution. Replay memory utilization focuses on how to effectively leverage the stored samples to enhance the effectiveness of replay. This includes techniques such as data augmentation， knowledge distillation， Bayesian methods， optimization and gradient projection， as well as representation alignment and bias correction. Regularization-based methods aim to address catastrophic forgetting by introducing constraints on the model's parameters， preventing them from undergoing drastic changes when learning new tasks. This approach enforces stability by preserving the critical aspects of previously learned knowledge through penalizing large deviations in the model’s parameters. Regularization methods can be categorized into those based on Laplace approximation， task representation constraints， Bayesian regularization， and knowledge distillation. The Laplace approximation technique approximates the posterior distribution of the old task as a Gaussian distribution， thereby imposing constraints on the important parameters of the old tasks. This type of regularization method works by adding penalty terms to the loss function to restrict changes to the parameters related to previous tasks when training on new tasks. In doing so， it achieves balanced learning of both new and old tasks， reducing the risk of catastrophic forgetting. Task representation constraint-based methods utilize the historical model to generate representations of current samples， applying regularization constraints based on these historical representations. The core idea of Bayesian regularization is to use a Bayesian framework to update model parameters， allowing the retention of knowledge from previous tasks while learning new ones. By regularizing model parameters within the Bayesian framework， this approach effectively balances the learning of new and old tasks， thereby reducing catastrophic forgetting. Knowledge distillation-based regularization methods， on the other hand， do not require additional storage of replay memories. Instead， they leverage stored historical models as teachers， using the current training samples as input to guide learning. Dynamic architecture methods address new tasks and knowledge by gradually adjusting the structure of the model. These methods dynamically modify the neural network's architecture or parameters based on changes in input data and the demands of new tasks， adding or reallocating network resources to learn new knowledge without forgetting the old. Dynamic architecture methods ensure continual learning by automatically expanding the network， activating important parameters， and freezing irrelevant parts， allowing the model to adapt to new tasks while avoiding catastrophic forgetting. Dynamic architecture methods can be further divided into multi-expert and subnetwork structures， dynamic scarification and masking techniques， dynamic structural adjustment， and the learning of additional task-related modules. In recent years， pre-trained large models， such as Transformer-based architectures， have shown remarkable success across various domains， thanks to their ability to generalize well across tasks. These models， often pre-trained on vast amounts of data， have strong representational power and are increasingly being applied in CL scenarios due to their ability to learn new tasks with minimal forgetting. Pre-trained models can be used in CL through two primary strategies， i.e.， fine-tuning-based methods and prompt-based methods. Fine-tuning involves adapting a pre-trained model to a new task by updating some or all of its parameters. In the context of CL， fine-tuning can be performed by freezing certain layers of the pre-trained model and only updating specific parts， such as task-specific layers， to prevent the model from losing knowledge gained from earlier tasks. Another approach is to fine-tune the model using task-specific learning rates， ensuring that important parameters for previous tasks are modified less during the training of new tasks. Prompt-based methods represent a newer approach to leveraging pre-trained models for CL. Rather than adjusting the model’s internal parameters， prompt-based methods guide the model’s behavior by designing and inputting task-specific prompts. These prompts serve as auxiliary information that helps the model focus on the relevant aspects of the new task without altering the model’s underlying architecture or parameters. Despite the advancements in CL techniques， several challenges remain. One significant challenge is the scalability of CL methods， especially in real-world applications where the number of tasks and data diversity can be vast. Another challenge is achieving an optimal balance between plasticity and stability， as methods that overemphasize stability may limit the model's ability to learn effectively from new tasks. Looking forward， future research in CL is expected to focus on the integration of pre-trained large models with traditional CL techniques， exploring novel architectural designs and optimization strategies that can better address the demands of complex， real-world tasks. Additionally， more work is needed to develop CL methods that are computationally efficient， particularly for large-scale models， without sacrificing performance or flexibility. By combining the strengths of large models with classical CL techniques， the field is poised to make significant strides in creating intelligent systems capable of lifelong learning in dynamic and ever-changing environments.
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