浏览全部资源
扫码关注微信
Received：15 February 2020，
Revised：2020-6-4，
Accepted：11 June 2020，
Published：16 April 2021
移动端阅览
目的
2
人脸姿态偏转是影响人脸识别准确率的一个重要因素，本文利用3维人脸重建中常用的3维形变模型以及深度卷积神经网络，提出一种用于多姿态人脸识别的人脸姿态矫正算法，在一定程度上提高了大姿态下人脸识别的准确率。
方法
2
对传统的3维形变模型拟合方法进行改进，利用人脸形状参数和表情参数对3维形变模型进行建模，针对面部不同区域的关键点赋予不同的权值，加权拟合3维形变模型，使得具有不同姿态和面部表情的人脸图像拟合效果更好。然后，对3维人脸模型进行姿态矫正并利用深度学习对人脸图像进行修复，修复不规则的人脸空洞区域，并使用最新的局部卷积技术同时在新的数据集上重新训练卷积神经网络，使得网络参数达到最优。
结果
2
在LFW(labeled faces in the wild)人脸数据库和StirlingESRC(Economic Social Research Council)3维人脸数据库上，将本文算法与其他方法进行比较，实验结果表明，本文算法的人脸识别精度有一定程度的提高。在LFW数据库上，通过对具有任意姿态的人脸图像进行姿态矫正和修复后，本文方法达到了96.57%的人脸识别精确度。在StirlingESRC数据库上，本文方法在人脸姿态为±22°的情况下，人脸识别准确率分别提高5.195%和2.265%；在人脸姿态为±45°情况下，人脸识别准确率分别提高5.875%和11.095%；平均人脸识别率分别提高5.53%和7.13%。对比实验结果表明，本文提出的人脸姿态矫正算法有效提高了人脸识别的准确率。
结论
2
本文提出的人脸姿态矫正算法，综合了3维形变模型和深度学习模型的优点，在各个人脸姿态角度下，均能使人脸识别准确率在一定程度上有所提高。
Objective
2
Face recognition has been a widely studied topic in the field of computer vision for a long time. In the past few decades
great progress in face recognition has been achieved due to the capacity and wide application of convolutional neural networks. However
pose variations still remain a great challenge and warrant further studies. To the best of our knowledge
the existing methods that address this problem can be generally categorized into two classes: feature-based methods and deep learning-based methods. Feature-based methods attempt to obtain pose-invariant representations directly from non-frontal faces or design handcrafted local feature descriptors
which are robust to face poses. However
it is often too difficult to obtain robust representation of the face pose using these handcrafted local feature descriptors. Thus
these methods cannot produce satisfactory results
especially when the face pose is too large. In recent years
convolutional neural networks have been introduced in face recognition problems due to their outstanding performance in image classification tasks. Different from traditional methods
convolutional neural networks do not require the manual extraction of local feature descriptors. They try to directly rotate the face image of arbitrary pose and illuminate into the target pose
which maintains the face identity feature well. In addition
due to the powerful ability of image generation
generative adversarial network is also used in frontal face image synthesis and has achieved great progress. Compared with traditional methods
deep learning-based methods can obtain a higher face recognition rate. However
the disadvantage of deep learning-based methods is that the face images synthesized from the large face pose have low credibility
which lead to poor face recognition accuracy. To deal with the limitations of these two kinds of methods
we present a face pose correction algorithm based on 3D morphable model (3DMM) and image inpainting.
Method
2
In this study
we propose a face frontalization method by combining deep learning model and a 3DMM
which can generate a photorealistic frontal view of the face image. In detail
we first detect facial landmarks by using a well-known facial landmark detector
which is robust to large pose variations. We detect a total of 68 facial landmarks to fit the face image more accurately. Then
we perform accurate 3DMM fitting for face image with facial landmark weighting. Next
we estimate the depth information of the face image and rotate the 3D face model into frontal view using 3D transformation. Finally
we employ image inpainting for the irregular facial invisible region caused by self-occlusion by utilizing deep learning model. We fine-tune the pre-trained model to train our image inpainting model. In the training process
all of the convolutional layers are replaced with partial convolutional layers. Our training set consists of 13 223 face images that are selected from the labeled faces in the wild (LFW) dataset. Our image inpainting network is implemented in Keras. The batch size is set to 4
the learning rate is set to 10
-4
and the weight decay is 0.000 5. The network training procedure is accelerated using NVIDIA GTX 1080 Ti GPU devices
which takes approximately 10 days in total.
Result
2
We compare our method with state-of-the-art methods
including the traditional method and deep learning method
on two public face datasets
namely
LFW dataset and StirlingESRC 3D face dataset. The quantitative evaluation metric is face recognition rate under different face poses
and we provide several synthesized frontal face images by our method. The synthesized frontal face images show that our method can produce more photorealistic results than other methods in the LFW dataset. We achieve 96.57% face recognition accuracy on the LFW face dataset. In addition
the quantitative experiment results show that our method outperforms all other methods in StirlingESRC 3D face dataset. The experimental results show that the face recognition accuracy of our method is improved under different face poses. Compared with the other two methods in the StirlingESRC 3D face dataset
the face recognition accuracy increased by 5.195% and 2.265% under the face pose of 22° and by 5.875% and 11.095% under the face pose of 45°
respectively. Moreover
the average face recognition rate increased by 5.53% and 7.13%
respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed multi-pose face recognition algorithm improves the accuracy of face recognition.
Conclusion
2
In this study
we propose a face pose correction algorithm for multi-pose face recognition by combining 3DMM with deep learning model. The qualitative and quantitative experiment results show that our method can synthesize a more photorealistic frontal face image than other methods and can improve the accuracy performance of multi-pose face recognition.
Amberg B, Romdhani S and Vetter T. 2007. Optimal step nonrigid ICP algorithms for surface registration//Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Minneapolis, USA: IEEE: 1-8[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383165 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2007.383165 ]
Asthana A, Marks T K, Jones M J, Tieu K H and Rohith M V. 2011. Fully automatic pose-invariant face recognition via 3D pose normalization//Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision. Barcelona, Spain: IEEE: 937-944[ DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.2011.6126336 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2011.6126336 ]
Blanz V and Vetter T. 1999. A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces//Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. New York, USA: ACM: 187-194[ DOI: 10.1145/311535.311556 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/311535.311556 ]
Blanz V and Vetter T. 2003. Face recognition based on fitting a 3D morphable model. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25(9): 1063-1074[DOI:10.1109/TPAMI.2003.1227983]
Cao C, Weng Y L, Zhou S, Tong Y Y and Zhou K. 2014. FaceWarehouse: a 3D facial expression database for visual computing. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 20(3): 413-425[DOI:10.1109/TVCG.2013.249]
Cao J, Hu Y B, Zhang H W, He R and Sun Z. 2018. Learning a high fidelity pose invariant model for high-resolution face frontalization//Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Red Hook, USA: Curran Associates Inc. : 2872-2882
Cole F, Belanger D, Krishnan D, Sarna A, Mosseri I and Freeman W T. 2017. Synthesizing normalized faces from facial identity features//Proceedings of 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Honolulu, USA: IEEE: 3386-3395[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2017.361 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.361 ]
Deng J K, Guo J, Xue N N and Zafeiriou S. 2018. ArcFace: additive angular margin loss for deep face recognition//Proceedings of 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Long Beach, USA: IEEE: 4685-4694[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2019.00482 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2019.00482 ]
Ding C X and Tao D C. 2015. Robust face recognition via multimodal deep face representation. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 17(11): 2049-2058[DOI:10.1109/TMM.2015.2477042]
Ding L, Ding X Q and Fang C. 2012. Continuous pose normalization for pose-robust face recognition. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 19(11): 721-724[DOI:10.1109/LSP.2012.2215586]
Hassner T, Harel S, Paz E and Enbar R. 2015. Effective face frontalization in unconstrained images//Proceedings of 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Boston, USA: IEEE: 4295-4304[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2015.7299058 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2015.7299058 ]
Heisele B, SerreT and Poggio T. 2007. A component-based framework for face detection and identification. International Journal of Computer Vision, 74(2): 167-181[DOI:10.1007/s11263-006-0006-z]
Hong X, Xiong P F, Ji R H and Fan H Q. 2019. Deep fusion network for image completion//Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York, USA: Association for Computing Machinery: 2033-2042[ DOI: 10.1145/3343031.3351002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3343031.3351002 ]
Hu Y B, Wu X, Yu B, He R and Sun Z. 2018. Pose-guided photorealistic face rotation//Proceedings of 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Salt Lake City, USA: IEEE: 8398-8406[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2018.00876 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00876 ]
Liu G L, Reda F A, Shih K J, Wang T C, Tao A and Catanzaro B. 2018. Image inpainting for irregular holes using partial convolutions//Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision. Munich, Germany: Springer: 89-105[ DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01252-6_6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01252-6_6 ]
Masi I, Rawls S, Medioni G and Natarajan P. 2016. Pose-aware face recognition in the wild//Proceedings of 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Las Vegas, USA: IEEE: 4838-4846[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2016.523 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.523 ]
Paysan P, Knothe R, Amberg B, Romdhani S and Vetter T. 2009. A 3D face model for pose and illumination invariant face recognition//Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance. Genova, Italy: IEEE: 296-301[ DOI: 10.1109/AVSS.2009.58 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AVSS.2009.58 ]
Ronneberger O, Fischer P and Brox T. 2015. U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation//Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. Munich, Germany: Springer: 234-241[ DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28 ]
Sagonas C, Panagakis Y, Zafeiriou S and Pantic M. 2015. Robust statistical face frontalization//Proceedings of 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. Santiago, Chile: IEEE: 3871-3879[ DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.2015.441 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2015.441 ]
Schroff F, Kalenichenko D and Philbin J. 2015. FaceNet: a unified embedding for face recognition and clustering//Proceedings of 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Boston, USA: IEEE: 815-823[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298682 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298682 ]
Tran A T, Hassner T, Masi I and Medioni G. 2017b. Regressing robust and discriminative 3D Morphable models with a very deep neural network//Proceedings of 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Honolulu, USA: IEEE: 1493-1502[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2017.163 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.163 ]
Tran L, Yin X and Liu X M. 2017a. Disentangled representation learning GAN for pose-invariant face recognition//Proceedings of 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Honolulu, USA: IEEE: 1283-1292[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2017.141 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.141 ]
Wang H, Wang Y T, Zhou Z, Ji X, Gong D H, Zhou J C, Li Z F and Liu W. 2018. CosFace: large margin cosine loss for deep face recognition//Proceedings of 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Salt Lake City, USA: IEEE: 5265-5274[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2018.00552 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00552 ]
Yeh R A, Chen C, Lim T Y, Schwing A G, Hasegawa-Johnson M and Do M N. 2017. Semantic image inpainting with deep generative models//Proceedings of 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Honolulu, USA: IEEE: 6882-6890[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2017.728 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.728 ]
Yim J, Jung H, Yoo B, Choi C, Park D and Kim J. 2015. Rotating your face using multi-task deep neural network//Proceedings of 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Boston, USA: IEEE: 676-684[ DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298667 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298667 ]
Yin X, Yu X, Sohn K, Liu X M and Chandraker M. 2017. Towards large-pose face frontalization in the wild//Proceedings of 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. Venice, Italy: IEEE: 4010-4019[ DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.2017.430 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2017.430 ]
Zadeh A, Lim Y C, Baltrušaitis T and Morency L P. 2017. Convolutional experts constrainedlocal model for 3D facial landmark detection//Proceedings of 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops. Venice, Italy: 2519-2528[ DOI: 10.1109/ICCVW.2017.296 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCVW.2017.296 ]
Zhu Z, Luo P, Wang X and Tang X. 2014. Multi-View perceptron: a deep model for learning face identity and view representations//Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Cambridge, USA: MIT Press: 217-225
Zhu Z Y, Luo P, Wang X G and Tang X O. 2013. Deep learning identity-preserving face space//Proceedings of 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. Sydney, Australia: IEEE: 113-120[ DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.2013.21 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2013.21 ]
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621
