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Received：02 November 2018，
Revised：2018-12-21，
Published：16 July 2019
移动端阅览
目的
2
目标建模是机器视觉领域的主要研究方向之一，主动目标建模是在保证建模完整度的情况下，通过有计划地调节相机的位姿参数，以更少的视点和更短的运动路径实现目标建模的智能感知方法。为了反映主动目标建模的研究现状和最新进展，梳理分析了2004年以来的相关文献，对国内外研究方法做出概括性总结。
方法
2
以重构模型类型和规划视点所用信息作为划分依据，将无模型的主动目标建模方法分为基于表面的主动目标建模方法、基于搜索的目标建模方法和两者相结合的方法3大类，重点对前两类方法进行综述，首先解释了每类方法的基本思想，总结每类方法涉及的问题，然后对相关问题的主要研究方法进行归纳和分析，最后将各个问题的解决方法进行合理的搭配组合，形成不同的主动目标建模方法，并对各类方法的优势和局限性进行了总结。
结果
2
各类主动目标建模算法在适用场景范围、计算复杂度等方面存在差异，但相对于传统的被动目标建模方法，当前的主动目标建模算法已经能够极大程度地提高建模任务的质量和降低建模所需代价。
结论
2
基于表面的主动目标建模方法思想相对简单，但仅适用于表面简单的目标建模。基于搜索的目标建模方法能够量化地评价每一个候选视点，适用广泛且涉及的问题相对于基于表面的方法有更大的解决空间，有更多的研究成果产生。将二者涉及问题的不同研究方法相搭配，可以构成不同的主动目标建模方法子类。
Objective
2
Target modeling is one of the main research directions in the field of machine vision
and this technology is widely used in various fields. When modeling the geometry of an object
the data obtained from one viewpoint are often incomplete
and large-area losses may even occur. Therefore
obtaining the information of the target from different viewpoints and fusing the information are necessary to achieve a complete geometric modeling of the target. Active object reconstruction is an intelligent perception method that achieves target modeling with few viewpoints and short motion paths by systematically adjusting the pose parameters of the camera while ensuring model integrity. To reflect the research status and latest development of active object reconstruction
relevant studies since 2004 are combed and analyzed
and a summary of domestic and foreign research methods is made.
Method
2
At present
active object reconstruction is mainly aimed at two task types: model-based and non-model active object reconstruction. Model-based methods pre-plan a series of viewpoints before modeling and can achieve full coverage of the target with high quality. Non-model methods have no information on the target at all
and view planning is performed in real time during modeling. In practical applications
the second category appears frequently and is difficult; thus
this study only summarizes non-model methods. On the basis of the rebuilt model type and the information used during view planning
non-model active object reconstruction methods are divided into three categories
namely
surface based
search based
and combined. The basic ideas of each type of method are explained
and the problems involved are summarized. Surface-based methods use point cloud and triangular patch models. They extract shape information from the obtained local model and classify the shape of the unknown region to determine the next viewpoint. Search-based methods use voxel models. A certain method is employed to determine the candidate viewpoints
and then these viewpoints are scored by a reasonable evaluation function. The candidate viewpoint with the highest score is used as the next best view. The combined method uses the surface and voxel models and merges the advantages of the two methods comprehensively to provide effective information for view planning. However
combined methods have not been investigated much recently
and the first two methods have mainly been the focus. Surface-based methods involve problems of detection direction determination
unknown surface prediction
and next-best viewpoint determination. Search-based methods involve problems of model type selection
search space determination
undetected area prediction
and design of the evaluation function to sort candidate viewpoints. The main research methods for these related problems are summarized and analyzed
and the solutions to each problem are combined reasonably to form different active object reconstruction methods.
Result
2
In surface-based active object reconstruction methods
the manner of determining the direction of detection and predicting the unknown area has an important impact on the view planning effect. When selecting an edge point to determine the direction of detection
the use of the quantitative indicator method is more reliable than the use of the spatial position method to express the unknown region
but its computational complexity is higher. In addition
using an indirect method to predict an unknown surface may be simpler than using a direct method
but it results in larger fitting errors. In general
surface-based methods are relatively simple
and the process of each view planning consumes minimal time. However
the unknown region depends on its adjacent surface trend to predict; thus
this method is only suitable for reconstructing objects with regular shapes. Search-based active object reconstruction methods quantitatively evaluate each candidate view. The octomap model is more efficient than other probabilistic voxel models when selecting model types. The selection of candidate viewpoints using dynamic search space methods has higher computational complexity than using fixed search space methods
but such methods have no limitation on the target size
and their application scenario is extensive. When predicting the information contained in an unknown voxel
its relative positional relationship with the known voxel can be utilized; thus
using this method for the next view planning can maximize the known information compared with not updating the unknown voxel. When determining the evaluation function
information gain modules may be added to the evaluation function
and the adjacent frame overlap ratio optimization modules
the neighboring viewpoint distance optimization modules
and the reconstructed surface quality optimization items may be added as needed. The information gain of the viewpoint is obtained by counting the voxel gain in the field of view. Differences in voxel gain calculation and statistical methods directly affect the information gain value of the viewpoint. With these search-based methods
the next view planning works well
but the process is time consuming. Moreover
the problems involved in such methods have a larger solution space than those involved in surface-based methods. Therefore
more research results are generated in search-based active object reconstruction methods. However
such methods are relatively computationally intensive
and in most cases
the views are not continuously pulsating in the search space
and point cloud registration is not considered.
Conclusion
2
Researchers who study active object reconstruction have made some progress at present
but the accuracy and efficiency of active reconstruction can still be improved. Other feasible research directions are provided in the end
and these could serve as a reference for future research in this direction
such as introducing a priori information into the process of view planning
combining surface- and search-based methods
and building perceptual intelligence systems that are suitable for different tasks.
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