浏览全部资源
扫码关注微信
Received：08 August 2017，
Revised：2017-11-13，
Published：16 June 2018
移动端阅览
目的
2
针对基于位平面信息量分布的选择性加密算法安全性不高、像素置换加密算法不能很好抵抗统计攻击问题，提出一种基于位级同步置乱扩散和像素级环形扩散的图像加密算法（BSPDPAD算法），提高图像加密效率和安全性。
方法
2
BSPDPAD算法首先通过分段线性混沌映射产生两组混沌序列，其中一组混沌序列对图像进行随机分块，另一组混沌序列分解到位平面构成位级密钥流；然后，将各像素块分解到位平面，利用位级密钥流同步置乱扩散高位平面、置乱低位平面，实现位平面上块内置乱扩散及块间扩散；最后，再次迭代分段线性混沌映射产生新的密钥流，利用该密钥流对经过位级加密的中间密文图像进行横向顺序扩散和纵向逆序扩散，完成图像加密。
结果
2
灰度图像及彩色图像上的计算机仿真实验与性能分析表明：BSPDPAD算法密钥空间大于2
100
，信息熵接近于8，密文图像直方图趋近于均匀分布；与其他加密算法相比，BSPDPAD算法密文图像相邻像素相关性系数绝对值减小约12数量级，像素变化率和归一化平均强度明显提高，说明BSPDPAD算法在密钥、明文敏感性、抵抗多种攻击能力等性能上优于其他加密算法，且算法扩散效果好，仅一轮加密就能获得较理想的加密效果。
结论
2
将位级选择性加密与像素级环形扩散相结合的BSPDPAD算法可有效抵抗各种攻击，安全性高，适合各种类型的灰度及彩色图像加密，潜在应用价值大。
Objective
2
With the rapid development and popularity of the Internet and information technologies
computers and mobile phones have become an important part of the daily lives of people. Through these electronic devices
a large number of pictures that may contain private information are transmitted and stored. Image information security is becoming increasingly important. However
the use of traditional encryption algorithms (e.g.
data encryption standard
advanced encryption standard
and international data encryption algorithm) to encrypt images will result in low efficiency and poor security because of the data size and high redundancy among the pixels of digital images. An effective approach to deal with this issue is to develop secure and effective digital image encryption algorithms. The existing image algorithms can be categorized into pixel-permutation-based
chaotic-system-based
and bitplane-based methods. The image encryption algorithms of the pixel-permutation-based method change the pixel position to destroy adjacent pixel dependencies by performing the permutation operation on the pixel matrix
thereby generating noise-like and meaningless cipher images. However
only the encryption algorithms that use pixel permutation have weak resistance to statistical attacks and poor security. The image encryption algorithms of the chaotic-system-based method take advantage of the excellent intrinsic properties of a chaotic sequence
such as ergodicity
pseudorandomness
and sensitivity to initial conditional and control parameters
to enable diffusion and confusion encryption. These methods have a large key space
strong keystream adaptivity
and high security and often combine with other encryption methods to achieve effective image encryption. The image encryption algorithms of the bitplane-based method decompose the pixels into bit levels
implementing the permutation and diffusion operations on the bitplanes. Bitplane matrix transformation
selective encryption based on bitplane information distribution
and integrating bit-level encryption with pixel-level encryption are the typical bitplane encryption algorithms. The bitplane encryption operation can enhance the sensitivity of the algorithm to small changes in the original image
thus improving the capability to resist differential attack. Moreover
the bitplane permutation operation can change the position and value of a pixel simultaneously
thereby reducing the computational complexity of the image encryption algorithm. Most bitplane encryption algorithms have desirable encryption performance with only one round. Therefore
a novel image encryption algorithm with the bit-level synchronous permutation diffusion and pixel-level annular diffusion (called BSPDPAD) was proposed in this study to improve image encryption efficiency and security to solve the security problem of the selective encryption algorithms with the bitplane information distribution
the statistical attack problem of pixel permutation encryption algorithms
and the problem of sequential diffusion producing stop point mechanism and nonuniform plaintext sensitivity effectively.
Method
2
BSPDPAD uses the chaotic sequence generated by the piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) to construct bit-level and pixel-level keystreams and simultaneously encrypts the image at the bit and pixel levels. At the bit-level encryption stage
BSPDPAD first generates two sets of chaotic sequences by iteratively executing the PWLCM. One set is used to block an image randomly
and the other set is decomposed into bitplanes to obtain the binary keystream sequences. For the four lower bitplanes that contain few information
only the circular shift operation is performed on them. However
for the four higher bitplanes that contain abundant information
exclusive disjunction of the binary elements of the four higher bitplanes with the binary elements of the four lower bitplanes and bit-level keystream is necessary in addition to the cyclic shift operation. Thus
BSPDPAD synchronously permutes and diffuses the four higher bitplanes with the binary keystream sequences and permutes the four lower bitplanes to achieve intra-block and inter-block diffusion. At the pixel-level encryption stage
BSPDPAD iterates the PWLCM again to generate a new keystream. We use the new keystream to perform horizontal sequential diffusion and vertical inversion diffusion of the intermediate encryption image
which completely underwent the bit-level encryption operation
thereby avoiding the problem of stop point mechanism and nonuniform plaintext sensitivity. In addition
the initial value of the PWLCM is modified according to the plain image information at the bit-level and pixel-level encryption stages to enhance the adaptation and the plaintext sensitivity of BSPDPAD.
Result
2
Simulation experiments on several gray-scale images and color images show that the key space of BSPDPAD is more than 2
100
indicating that the BSPDPAD algorithm can effectively resist the exhaustive attack. The histogram of the cipher image tends to be evenly distributed
which can cover the distribution of image pixels well and ensure that the algorithm is effective against statistical attack and known cipher attack. The absolute value of the adjacent pixel correlation coefficient of the cipher image encrypted by the BSPDPAD is lower than that of the plaintext image and that of similar encryption algorithms. The entropy of the BSPDPAD ciphering image is close to the theoretical value of 8. Therefore
BSPDPAD has a strong capability to resist entropy attack. The key sensitivity analysis shows that BSPDPAD has satisfactory key sensitivity in the encryption and decryption phases. BSPDPAD also has high NPCR and UACI values
thereby indicating that BSPDPAD has strong plaintext sensitivity and high capability to resist differential attack. Moreover
color image encryption experiments show that BSPDPAD is also suitable for color image encryption
and its encryption performance is excellent. In summary
BSPDPAD is superior to other state-of-the-art encryption algorithms in terms of correlation
information entropy
key space
sensitivity
and capacity to resist multiple attacks. In addition
BSPDPAD has a better diffusion effect
which can obtain excellent encryption performance with only one round of encryption.
Conclusion
2
By integrating bit-level selective encryption and pixel-level annular diffusion
BSPDPAD can effectively resist various attacks and exhibit high security. Therefore
BSPDPAD is suitable for all kinds of grayscale and color images and has a large potential application value in the image encryption field.
Wen C C, Wang Q, Liu X H, et al. An encryption algorithm for image based on affine and composed chaos[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2013, 50(2):319-324.
文昌辞, 王沁, 刘向宏, 等.基于仿射和复合混沌的图像加密新算法[J].计算机研究与发展, 2013, 50(2):319-324.
Wu C M. An improved discrete Arnold transform and its application in image scrambling and encryption[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(9):#090504.
吴成茂.离散Arnold变换改进及其在图像置乱加密中的应用[J].物理学报, 2014, 63(9):#090504. [DOI:10.7498/aps.63.090504]
Wang X Y, Yang L. A novel chaotic image encryption scheme based on magic cube permutation and dynamic look-up table[J]. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 2012, 26(29):#1250139.[DOI:10.1142/S0217979212501391]
Luo Y L, Du M H. Image encryption algorithm based on quantum logistic map in wavelet domain[J]. Journal of South China University of Technology:Natural Science Edition, 2013, 41(6):53-62.
罗玉玲, 杜明辉.基于量子Logistic映射的小波域图像加密算法[J].华南理工大学学报:自然科学版, 2013, 41(6):53-62. [DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.06.010]
Jain A, Rajpal N. A robust image encryption algorithm resistant to attacks using DNA and chaotic logistic maps[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2016, 75(10):5455-5472.[DOI:10.1007/s11042-015-2515-7]
Radwan A G, Abd-El-Hafiz S K. Image encryption using generalized tent map[C]//Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: IEEE, 2013: 653-656. [ DOI:10.1109/ICECS.2013.6815499 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICECS.2013.6815499 ]
Zhai Y Y, Wang G Y. Digital image encryption algorithm based on tent chaotic sequence[J]. Modern Electronics Technique, 2014, 37(12):73-77.
翟依依, 王光义.基于Tent混沌序列的数字图像加密方法[J].现代电子技术, 2014, 37(12):73-77.][DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-373X.2014.12.021]
Zheng Y F, Jin J X. A novel image encryption scheme based on Hénon map and compound spatiotemporal chaos[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2015, 74(18):7803-7820.[DOI:0.1007/s11042-014-2024-0]
Wang X Y, Zhang H L. A color image encryption with heterogeneous bit-permutation and correlated chaos[J]. Optics Communications, 2015, 342:51-60.[DOI:10.1016/j.optcom.2014.12.043]
Song J L, Zhang S W. Adaptive image encryption algorithm of blocking diffusion based on the ChaCha20 hash operation[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2016, 21(6):698-710.
宋金林, 张绍武.整合ChaCha20哈希运算的分块扩散自适应图像加密算法[J].中国图形图像学报, 2016, 21(6):698-710. [DOI:10.11834/jig.20160603]
Xu Y, Zhang S W. Encryption algorithm of image blocking and double adaptive diffusion with Arnold mapping[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2015, 20(6):740-748.
徐亚, 张绍武.基于Arnold映射的分块双层自适应扩散图像加密算法[J].中国图象图形学报, 2015, 20(6):740-748. [DOI:10.11834/jig.20150602]
Li Y P, Wang C H, Chen H. A hyper-chaos-based image encryption algorithm using pixel-level permutation and bit-level permutation[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2017, 90:238-246.[DOI:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.10.020]
Zhang W, Yu H, Zhao Y L, et al. Image encryption based on three-dimensional bit matrix permutation[J]. Signal Processing, 2016, 118:36-50.[DOI:10.1016/j.sigpro.2015.06.008]
Xiang T, Wong K W, Liao X F. Selective image encryption using a spatiotemporal chaotic system[J]. Chaos:An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 2007, 17(2):#023115.[DOI:10.1063/1.2728112]
Ye G D, Huang X L. A feedback chaotic image encryption scheme based on both bit-level and pixel-level[J]. Journal of Vibration and Control, 2016, 22(5):1171-1180.[DOI:10.1063/1.2728112]
Zhang W, Wong K W, Yu H, et al. A symmetric color image encryption algorithm using the intrinsic features of bit distributions[J]. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 2013, 18(3):584-600.[DOI:10.1016/j.cnsns.2012.08.010]
Li S J, Li Q, Li W M, et al. Statistical properties of digital piecewise linear chaotic maps and their roles in cryptography and pseudo-random coding[M]//Honary B. Cryptography and Coding. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2001, 2260: 205-221. [ DOI:10.1007/3-540-45325-3_19 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45325-3_19 ]
Xu L, Li Z, Li J, et al. A novel bit-level image encryption algorithm based on chaotic maps[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2016, 78:17-25.[DOI:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2015.09.007]
Zhang Y S, Xiao D. An image encryption scheme based on rotation matrix bit-level permutation and block diffusion[J]. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 2014, 19(1):74-82.[DOI:10.1016/j.cnsns.2013.06.031]
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621
