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纸质出版日期： 2024-09-16 ，
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岳亮， 谈皓， 黄俊凯， 张少魁. 2024. 数字室内三维场景构建综述. 中国图象图形学报， 29(09):2471-2493
Yue Liang， Tan Hao， Huang Junkai， Zhang Shaokui. 2024. Review of digital 3D indoor scene synthesis. Journal of Image and Graphics， 29(09):2471-2493
在计算机图形学发展过程中，数字三维场景长期对于学术界和工业界都起着至关重要的作用。其作用体现在展示渲染效果、支持应用环境以及充当交互载体等多个方面。然而，三维场景本身作为一种数据形式，其结构复杂且没有统一的数据结构，故难以像诸如图像、文本数据集一样被大量获取与应用。已有一些工作尝试让计算机自动构建场景或是让计算机辅助构建场景。而在众多场景之中，室内场景尤为重要。本文总结归纳了这些数字室内三维场景构建工作。提出从3个方面调研和总结场景构建的主要工作：场景自动构建、基于用户交互的场景辅助构建以及基于多通道与丰富输入的场景构建。自动构建在于让计算机直接基于当前三维内容给出场景构建结果；交互构建在于让用户控制计算机并辅助构建场景；多通道构建在于让构建的场景参考输入的图像、文本和点云。最后，本文总结了科研工作的应用场景和关键技术，并介绍了一些其他应用情景与未来面对的诸多挑战。数字室内三维场景构建的发展前景十分广阔，随着新算法的不断提出以及三维场景数据集日益完善，数字室内三维场景构建领域也将持续发展。
During continuous development of computer graphics and human-computer interaction， digital three-dimensional （3D） scenes have played a vital role in the academy and industry. 3D scenes show graphical rendering results， supply the environment for applications， and provide a foundation for interaction. Despite being common occurrences， indoor scenes are important. To increase players’ gaming experience， indoor game designers require all kinds of aesthetic digital 3D scenes. In online scene decoration， designers also need to predesign the decoration and furniture layout preview by interacting with 3D scenes. In studies of virtual reality， we can synthesize virtual space from a digital 3D scene， such as the synthesis of training data for wheelchair users. However， a number of difficulties still need to be overcome to obtain ideal digital 3D scenes for the applications mentioned above. First， manually synthesized 3D scenes are usually time consuming and require considerable experience. Designers must add objects to a scene and adjust their location and orientation one by one. These trivialities but heavy works cause difficulty in focusing on core ideas. Second， digital 3D scene is a data structure with extremely complex structure， and no unified consensus has been given to its data structure. Thus， digital 3D scenes are difficult to obtain and apply in large quantities compared with traditional data structures， such as image， audio or text. To solve the problems mentioned above， some existing work attempted to allow computers to automatically synthesize 3D scenes or interactively help synthesize scenes. This survey summarizes these works. This survey also investigates and summarizes 3D digital scene synthesis methodologies from three aspects： automatic scene synthesis， scene synthesis with multichannel and rich input， and interactive scene synthesis. The automatic synthesis allows the computer to directly build an indoor layout based on few inputs， such as the contour of the room or the list of objects. Initially， the scene is synthesized by manually setting rules and applying optimizers in an attempt to satisfy these rules. However， the situation increases in complexity during the synthesis practice， and thus， listing all the rules becomes impossible. As the amount of digital indoor scene increases， more works are introducing machine learning methods to study priors from the digital scenes of the 3D indoor scene dataset. Most of these works organize the furniture with graph to apply algorithms on the graph to process with the information. The results outperform those of former works. Researchers have been applying deep learning （DL） technology， such as convolutional neural network and generative adversarial network， to indoor scene synthesis， which strongly improves the synthetic effect. The synthesis with multichannel and rich input aims to synthesize a digital indoor 3D scene with unformatted information， such as image， text， RGBD scan， point cloud， etc. These algorithms enable the convenient formation of digital copies of scenes in the real world because they are mainly recorded by photos or literal description. Compared with the works on automatic synthesis， the scene syntheses with multichannel and rich input do not require diversity or aesthetics. However， this type of synthesis needs an algorithm for the accurate reconstruction of the indoor scene in the digital world. The interactive synthesis aims to let users control the process of computer-aided scene synthesis. The related works can mainly be divided into two parts： active and passive interactive syntheses. Active interactive synthesis simultaneously provides designers with suggestions while they synthesizing a scene. If the scene syntheses program can analyze the designers’ interaction and recommend the options with higher possibility to be chosen， considerable workload can be saved. During passive interactive synthesis， the system learns the user’s personal preferences from aspects， such as their behavior trajectory， personal abilities， work habits， and height information and automatically synthesize scenes that match the user’s preferences as much as possible. Eventually， this survey will also summarize the application scenario and core technology of the papers and introduce other typical application scenarios and future challenges. We summarized and classified the recent studies on applications of digital 3D scene synthesis to form this survey. Digital 3D indoor scene synthesis has attained great progress and has a wide prospect. The automatic scene synthesis has generally achieved its goal， and more attention should focused on the proposal and resolution of sub-problems and related issues afterward. For scene synthesis with rich input， existing work has explored inputs， such as image， RGBD-scan， text， and sketches. In the future， more potential input forms， such as music and symbols， should be explored. For scene interactive synthesis， current interactions are still limited to mouse and keyboard inputs， and methods based on interactive scenes， such as virtual reality， augmented reality， and hybrid reality， still need to be explored. Scene synthesis algorithm has continuously broadened its application. Industries normally require the automatic synthesis of a large amount of indoor scenes. The synthetic efficiency can be strongly increased if a computer can provide suggestions regarding an object and its layout. In academic studies， 3D scenes are usually applied to form all kinds of dataset. By rendering a scene’s photos from various perspectives and channels， researchers can easily obtain images. However， the study on indoor scene synthesis is still facing a number of limitations. The dissimilarity of data structure causes difficulty in extending the work of others. Copyright issues prevent a scene dataset from being freely used by researchers and coders. In the future， indoor scene datasets with additional furniture model and room contour will serve as the basis of indoor scene synthesis studies. Numerous related fields， such as style consistency and automatic photography， are also showing progress.
室内场景三维场景构建三维场景交互三维场景智能编辑计算机图形学
indoor scene3D scene synthesis3D scene interaction3D scene intelligent editingcomputer graphics
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Zhang S Y， Han Z Z， Lai Y K， Zwicker M and Zhang H. 2021c. Active arrangement of small objects in 3D indoor scenes. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics， 27（4）： 2250-2264 ［DOI： 10.1109/tvcg.2019.2949295http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2949295］
Zhang S Y， Han Z Z and Zhang H. 2016. User guided 3D scene enrichment//Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry. Zhuhai China： ACM： 353-362 ［DOI： 10.1145/3013971.3014002http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3013971.3014002］
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Zheng J， Zhang J， Li J， Tang R， Gao S and Zhou Z. 2020. Structured3D： a large photo-realistic dataset for structured 3D modeling//Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Computer Vision. Glasgow， UK： Springer： 519-535 ［DOI：10.1007/978-3-030-58545-7_30http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58545-7_30］
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Zhu S Y， Wang X J， Wang M， Wang Y C， Wei Z Q， Yin B and Jin X G. 2022. Example-based large-scale marine scene authoring using Wang Cubes. Visual Informatics， 6（3）： 23-34 ［DOI： 10.1016/j.visinf.2022.05.004http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visinf.2022.05.004］
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