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收稿：2020-12-14，
修回：2021-2-8，
录用：2021-2-15，
纸质出版：2022-04-16
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目的
2
图像文本信息在日常生活中无处不在，其在传递信息的同时，也带来了信息泄露问题，而图像文字去除算法很好地解决了这个问题，但存在文字去除不干净以及文字去除后的区域填充结果视觉感受不佳等问题。为此，本文提出了一种基于门循环单元(gate recurrent unit，GRU)的图像文字去除模型，可以高质量和高效地去除图像中的文字。
方法
2
通过由门循环单元组成的笔画级二值掩膜检测模块精确地获得输入图像的笔画级二值掩膜；将得到的笔画级二值掩膜作为辅助信息，输入到基于生成对抗网络的文字去除模块中进行文字的去除和背景颜色的回填，并使用本文提出的文字损失函数和亮度损失函数提升文字去除的效果，以实现对文字高质量去除，同时使用逆残差块代替普通卷积，以实现高效率的文字去除。
结果
2
在1 080组通过人工处理得到的真实数据集和使用文字合成方法合成的1 000组合成数据集上，与其他3种文字去除方法进行了对比实验，实验结果表明，在峰值信噪比和结构相似性等图像质量指标以及视觉效果上，本文方法均取得了更好的性能。
结论
2
本文提出的基于门循环单元的图像文字去除模型，与对比方法相比，不仅能够有效解决图像文字去除不干净以及文字去除后的区域与背景不一致问题，并能有效地减少模型的参数量和计算量，最终整体计算量降低了72.0 %。
Objective
2
The textual information in digital images is ubiquitous in our daily life. However
while it delivers valuable information
it also runs the risk of leaking private information. For example
when taking photos or collecting data
some private information will inevitably appear in the images
such as phone numbers. Image text removal technology can protect privacy by removing sensitive information in the images. At the same time
this technology can also be widely used in image and video editing
text translation
and other related tasks. Tursun et al. added a binary mask as auxiliary information to make the model focus on the text area
which has made obvious improvements compared with the existing scene text removal methods. However
this binary mask is redundant because it covers a large amount of background information between text strokes
which means the removed area (indicating by binary mask) is larger than what needs to be removed (i.e.
text strokes)
and this limitation can be improved further. Considering the problems of unclean text removal in existing text removal methods and poor visual perception after text removal
we propose a gate recurrent unit (GRU) -based generative adversarial network (GAN) framework to effectively remove the text and obtain high-quality results.
Method
2
Our framework is fully "end-to-end". We first take the image with text as input and the binary mask of the corresponding text area
the stroke-level binary mask of the input image can be accurately obtained through our designed detection module composed of multiple GRUs. Then
the GAN-based text removal module combines input image
text area mask
and stroke-level mask to remove the text in the image. Meanwhile
we propose the brightness loss function to further improve visual quality based on the observation that human eyes are more sensitive to changes in the brightness of the image. Specifically
we transfer the output image from the RGB space to the YCrCb color space and minimize the difference in the brightness channel of the output image and ground truth. The purpose of using the weighted text loss function is to make the model focus more on the text area. Using the weighted text loss function and brightness loss function proposed in this paper can effectively improve the performance of text removal. Our method applies the inverted residual blocks instead of standard convolutions to achieve a high-efficiency text removal model and balance model size and inference performance. The inverted residual structure first uses a point convolution operation with a convolution kernel of 1 × 1 to expand the dimension of the input feature map
which can prevent too much information from being lost after the activation function because of the low dimension. Then
a depth-wise convolution with the kernel of 3 × 3 is applied to extract features
and a 1 × 1 point convolution is used to compress the number of channels of the feature map.
Result
2
We conduct extensive experiments and evaluate 1 080 groups of real-world data obtained through manual processing and 1 000 groups of synthetic data synthesized using the SynthText method to validate our proposed method. In this work
we compare our method with several state-of-the-art text removal methods. For the evaluation metrics
we adopt two kinds of evaluation measures to evaluate the results quantitatively. The first type of evaluation indicators is PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio) and SSIM (structural similarity index)
which are used to measure the difference between the results after removing the text and the corresponding ground truth. The second type of evaluation index is recall
precision
and F-measure
which are applied to measure the model' s ability to remove text. The experimental results show that our method consistently performs better in terms of PSNR and SSIM. In addition
we also compare the results of our proposed method qualitatively with state-of-the-art(SOTA) methods
and our method achieves better visual quality. The inverted residual blocks reduce the floating point of operations (FLOPs) by 72.0 % with a slight reduction of the performance.
Conclusion
2
We propose a high-quality and efficient text removal method based on gate recurrent unit
which takes the image with text and the binary mask of the text area as inputs and obtains the image result after text removal in an "end-to-end" manner. Compared with the existing methods
our method can not only improve the problem of unclean image text removal effectively and the inconsistency of the text removal area with the background
but also reduce the model parameters and FLOPs effectively.
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